Unbowed A Memoir by Wangari Maathai - Free Essay Example

Unbowed is a compelling and inspiring memoir of the first environmentalist African woman to have earned the honor of being awarded a Nobel Peace Prize. Wangari Maathai takes the reader through from her childhood until she becomes a professor. Through her scientific abilities, she identifies environmental degradation and sets on a movement to bring solutions to the problems. The Environmental Maathai recognizes the problems of corruption, mismanagement of the environment through deforestation, and oppression. She becomes aware that advocating for a democracy alone would not bring a solution to the deforestation problems. In the due process, she fears for her own life and that of the family (Maathai 67). Maathai establishes the Green Belt Movement to counter the environmental problem on her land. She sensitized on the issue of government officials owning public lands. She also emphasizes on the protection of biodiversity based on the numerous benefits that biodiversity has on the environment. Biodiversity, for instance, helps to establish a balance in the population as prey animals feed on others. Maathai also participated in the National Council of Woman to motivate women to produce seedlings in a move to protect the forests. This was primarily done to renew the Kenya and the earth as a whole. She appreciated the role of trees that will help make a difference in the world as a whole which is the reason she earned a peace prize. The author identifies the relationship between the government regime and the environmental degradation. She argues that poor policies are subject to deforestation and other malpractices affecting the environment. The result heavily relies on the innocent citizens. Trees provide the solution for some issues. First, they help the women in the society prepare nutritious dishes. Also, they offer wood for fencing. Trees also assist in binding the soil as well as protection of the watersheds. Most prominent is the fact that trees would help to attract the birds which contribute to enriching biodiversity (Maathai 68). Perhaps the reason that Maathai emphasized on rehabilitating the environment owes to the fact that trees help to establish an environment that nurtures all life. In this book, Maathai identifies many issues with the environment. She explains that deforestation is the main problem affecting the environment as a whole. As a result, the effects are felt in the whole biological system. For instance, cutting of trees destroys homes for animals which results in driving them out. The result is that some species are missing and continue being at risk if deforestation is not sensitized. But even though, there are other critical components of the government policies. They have equally contributed to the degradation of the environment using the concept of land privatization. Conclusion Unbowed: A Memoir is quite an informative book addressing an important issue of environmental degradation. Maathai explains the problems with land policies and practices which creates a ground for more controversy and speculation. Her argument is based on democracy and how it would help improve the environment. However, she cannot find the answers to more complex issues on the general biological systems especially since it has effects on peoples livelihood. Although she sensitizes on the conservation of trees, she has to explain a lot more than democracy for efficiency in conserving the environment. Works cited MAATHAI, ALSO BY WANGARI. Unbowed: A Memoir.

Drug Testing Essay - 1328 Words

Even though drug testing is very expensive, ALL high school’s athletes should be tested because drugs are bad for your health and very addictive. A simple drug test could save many lives. Many schools around deny the request to drug test their athletes for the simple conclusion that the cost of the testing would just be to expensive. I disagree whole heartedly on that because although it may be expensive, we could save so many lives by requiring drug tests to play sports. Many students have love for the game who would have no problem giving up drugs for the chance to play sports with drug tests and a little guidance. I’ve grown up in a generation where drugs are idolized. The feeling of being high, not having any responsibility, and just†¦show more content†¦I come from one of if not the poorest counties in North Carolina and seeing athletes just pushed on because of their talent is absolutely sickening to me, I feel like we have and still do fail many athletes by letting their drug abuse go unnoticed. In the article â€Å"Drug-Testing Reduces Students Drug Use, Study Says.† It is statistically proven that drug testing reduces students drug use. â€Å"Students involved in school random drug testing reported less substance use than their peers in high school, that didn’t have drug testing programs.† (Samuels). If students want to be involved in extracurricular activities, they will stop the drug abuse if a drug test was mandatory just to be able to do so. Extracurricular activities is a privilege not a right and will continue to be. Drug testing could change so many lives and people really fail to comprehend that just because of the amount of the test behind it. On an average 47,000 people lose their lives to drugs a year. It could be possible that half of those were teenagers. The pros and cons on this issue vary from how expensive it can be to early interventions. In my opinion the pros will always outweigh the cons for the simple fact that your saving someone no matter the amount of money it cost. Some of the pros are that you can do early intervention, students can learn to resist peer pressure, school promoting a safe and drug free environment, and increases chances of students to have a successful future.Show MoreRelatedEssay On Drug Testing956 Words   |  4 Pagesassistance had to be drug tested prior to receiving help, like many who must be tested to keep their job? Many people must go through drug testing to get a job, then after they have it, they may be selected to be randomly tested again to keep their job. There are people down on their luck or going through a rough patch where they need to receive government assistance, nothing but an application needs to be filled out prior to receiving payment from the government. Drug testing for gover nment assistanceRead MoreDrug Testing Essay1200 Words   |  5 PagesThere is a big question floating in the air around a lot of people today, â€Å"Is drug testing the welfare constitutional or not?† When dealing with this we come to many road blocks. We should know and understand the difference in a drug use problem and a psychiatric disorder. Also understanding the difference in substance abuse and substance dependence. Confusing the two could be an issue. When you decide to drug test the welfare there is much more that needs to go into it than just the test to determineRead MoreDrug Testing Essay2735 Words   |  11 PagesDrug testing is a laboratory procedure that looks for evidence of drug consumption by analyzing urine, blood, and hair samples. If tested, you must provide a sample in front of an observer to make sure that it is not tampered with. Samples are then sent to a laboratory for analysis, after which the employer is notified of the results (Wodell 1). Exactly who should be subject to the new trend of mandatory drug tests, is the big question being raised among businesses, schools, athletes and federalRead MoreArgument Essay Random Drug Testing859 Words   |  4 PagesARGUMENT ESSAY RANDOM DRUG TESTING Drug abuse has always been a very delicate question as it always it deals with the health, well-being and even lives of human beings belonging to any country. Many people have argued that mandatory drug testing is a violation of their civil rights guaranteed by the Constitution. The Fourth Amendment grants you the right against unreasonable searches and seizures, otherwise known as a persons right to privacy. However, employers have the right to know whetherRead MoreTesting for Drugs In The Olympics Essay1507 Words   |  7 PagesCommittee (I.O.C.) certainly has.   Each year the athletes come up with new ways to enhance their performance, and make it harder for the Olympic drug testers to detect banned substances.   With performance enhancing drugs becoming harder to police, the burden of trying to keep the Olympics as clean as possible falls on the I.O.C.s shoulders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Drug use in the Olympics is not a new idea.   Dating back to the runners and javelin throwers of ancient Greece and Rome, athletes have been lookingRead MoreWelfare Drug Testing Essay1383 Words   |  6 PagesWelfare Drug Testing Trevor Brooks, SOC 110 11/09/2011 In today’s America, government aid is highly depended on. The US government has spent $498 billion dollars this year on welfare alone. The state of Tennessee has an average of 250,000 residents on welfare and has $3 billion dollars this year alone. To help cut costs and help tax payers, 36 states, including Tennessee, have proposed a bill to drug test all welfare recipients. Since the beginning of the year, the welfare rateRead MorePersuasive Essay On Drug Testing927 Words   |  4 Pagesforced to take a drug test before receiving financial assistance from the government. In the United States, some people across the country are failing drug tests. This means that they are tested for having illegal drugs. This is bad for the country because this could lead to death and being arrested. So the government is seeking to make these people have immediate drug tests so they can â€Å"crack† this problem open. In the state of Tennessee, they passed a law to test people for drugs. As stated inRead More Drug Testing in the Workplace Essay3750 Words   |  15 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Drug testing has become a very big issue for many companies. Approximately eighty-one percent of companies in the United States administer drug testing to their employees. Of these, seventy-seven percent of companies test employees prior to employment. Even with the commonality of drug testing, it is still a practice that is generally limited to larger corporations which have the financial stability, as well as the human resources to effectively carry out a drug testing program. In the UnitedRead MoreDrug Testing in the Workplace Essay2964 Words   |  12 PagesDrug Testing in the Workplace Throughout recent years, applicant drug testing has become one of the most prevalently used strategies by many organizations to control substance abuse in the workplace. Drug testing is a selection tool used by organizations to determine whether or not an individual has previously used drugs and/or alcohol. Most employers find that drug testing, if done correctly, is a worthwhile investment associated with increased workplace safety, lower absenteeism, fewer on-the-jobRead MoreDrug Testing and Ethics Essay2045 Words   |  9 Pages27th 2010 Is drug testing an unwarranted invasion of employee privacy? Which is more important--getting drugs out of the workplace or protecting the privacy of the employee? What about other health-threatening activities, i.e. smoking outside of working hours, unprotected sex, etc. Should employers be able to question or test employees or potential employees about these activities? Both of these scenarios are tricky ones. On the one hand, any employer would want to get drugs out of the workplace

Capital Punishment A Deadly Mistake - 1244 Words

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: A DEADLY MISTAKE. Imagine being asked to state your last words. What would they be? The execution of a human being is irreversible and should not be allowed anywhere. The death penalty is a crime in itself and should not be used as a form of punishment. I believe that the death penalty should be overturned in the U.S. because it is a slow and very expensive process that has been proven to be discriminatory in a lot of cases, and simply is immoral. IMMORAL Supporters of the death penalty argue that it brings closure to the victim’(s) family and that it is a form of crime deterrent. In my opinion, the death penalty is hypocritical and inhumane, it is the equivalent of the ancient barbaric†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Statistics show [†¦] that people who kill white people are far more likely to receive a death sentence than those whose victims were not white, and that black people who kill white people have the greatest chance of receiving a death sentence.† (Ballaro Cushman pars.11) In his 2008 article titled â€Å"The death penalty is losing† Glen Stassen points that the criminal justice system as a whole is grossly biased against [minorities] and against the poor†¦ In 2002, approximately 791,600 African American men were in prison†¦ The U.S. makes up 5% of the world s population, but it has 25% of the world s prison population. 48% of those in prison are black... One-third of all African American men in Alabama have lost their right to vote. With the death penalty, once a person is executed, there is no way to correct a wrong sentence. This is a gross violation of the human rights†¦. (pars.6) How can the justice system guarantee someone a fair trial when the accused can’t afford an attorney that can properly defends them? For instance, â€Å"Of the approximately 3,350 people on death row as of 2007, nearly all are impoverished, and many belong to minority groups (more than 40 percent are African American). Defendants who have the resources to hire private investigators, psychiatrists, and expert lawyers face much lower odds of ending up in the death chamber.† (Ballaro Cushman pars.12) Matt Pearce, vehement defender of

Alcoholism in Parramatta-Free-Samples for Students -Myassignment

Question: Discusss about the Alcoholism in Parramatta. Answer: A persons health is largely influenced by the health behaviors that he or she choose to develop as part of the day to day individual lifestyles. Some of the bad behaviors that one can take up is poor eating behaviors, overdrinking, and drug abuse among others (Gleeson Friel, 2013). Such behaviors tend to develop health risks that affects the quality of the affected individuals life. Most of these problems are avoidable through reduction or modification of risk factors (Srensen et al., 2012). There are several public health related issues that are affecting the Australian society nowadays. These health issues are observed due to the emergence of several disease or disorders or due to the social issues such as domestic violence, obesity, and drug and alcohol abuse (Morgan et al., 2012). This assignment will be discussing such public health issue of the Local Government Area (LGA) Parramatta, Australia and will provide an aetiology and epidemiology of it. Further with a brief descripti on of the LGA the impact (eg. prevalence) of the public health problem on the population of the LGA will be discussed. Furthermore, depending on the data collected from the community profile, the relation between the public health issue and its prevalence will be discussed. Finally the role of community health nurses in managing these issues in relation to primary, secondary or tertiary interventions will be discussed. While discussing the aetiology, Alcoholism is a disorder that has a lot of factors contributing to its development. They can either be genetics, biological factors, cognitive behavioral, temperament, psychological and even social factors. They contribute to a large extent towards alcohol dependence (Laslett et al., 2012). The dependence can be quite common in a family or community in terms of use and the alcoholism itself. The condition can be passed down from parent to child in one generation to another. More to that religious or political affiliation can also contribute to the condition although they are quite far off biological reasons (Livingston, 2014). Alcoholism is a psychiatric disorder that is common to 7-12.5% of western counties and Australia. The disorder is uncommon in countries with high Muslim populations. The ratio of men to women suffering from alcoholism rates at 2 to 1 although female alcoholism is harder to overcome than that of men. It accounts for 3.2 % of global deaths and is more common among resource poor countries (Ramamoorthi, 2015). Since early 19th century, spirits were the most consumed alcoholic beverage in the country with a consumption rate of 13.6 liters of pure alcohol. There were fluctuating rates in the decades that followed. Alcohol consumption per capita in Northern Australian territory has been rated as the second highest globally where there is an estimated 15.1 liters consumption of pure alcohol per year. The aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders in Northern Australia is 16.9 liters of pure alcohol per year (Ramamoorthi, 2015). In the past women were not allowed to drink but later on in the late 9th century, there were allowed to drink just as same as the men. The local government area states that women drink more than men in the capital cities. There is a direct genetic hypothesis linking the genetic influence of alcoholism form parent to child, psychological factors tend to play the bigger role. That is, extended pedigree studies, twin studies involving both identical and fraternal pairs, individuals raised away from alcoholic members all point out to the similarities and difference on occurrence of alcoholism. Studies that have related the three condition show that the alcohol dependency is more prevalent in makes as compared to females (Livingston, 2014). There is a direct genetic hypothesis linking the genetic influence of alcoholism form parent to child, psychological factors tend to play the bigger role. That is, extended pedigree studies, twin studies involving both identical and fraternal pairs, individuals raised away from alcoholic members all point out to the similarities and difference on occurrence of alcoholism. Studies that have related the three condition show that the alcohol dependency is more prevalent in makes as compared to females (Bennte, 1990). Alcoholism is a progressive disease and thus without control, it gets worse over time. This makes the human body unable to cope and therefore alcohol dependency is created. Overdrinking leads to liver damage amongst other serious impacts. It may also lead to dangerous behavior. People unable to control their urge to take in alcohol are referred to as functional alcoholics and they either start drinking while in their teens or during young age (Morgan et al., 2012). Most of the young adults who are functional alcoholics started taking alcohol due to peer pressure as a form of trying to fit in a society. They build up on their alcohol intake to adulthood. Alcohol tends to affect the women more aggressively than the man due to their high body fat content, low body mass and hormones. A womans body adjusts to the alcohol chemical compositions and its easily ingested causing fast drunkenness states (Edenberg Foroud, 2013). If abused too much, a woman can suffer alcohol poisoning at a faster rate than a man. Alcohol also deters with the cognitive functions and performance of the brain. Many People depend on alcohol for the sake of socialization, relaxation, healing, spirituality, commiseration or celebrations. The users tend to believe that alcohol makes them feel some type of way that helps and it increases pleasure and decreases emotional pain and trauma as well as physical stress. This leads to low anxiety and stress levels (Ramamoorthi, 2015). The symptoms of Alcoholism are for one to be labeled an alcoholic, one must display the following symptoms such as the inability to quit drinking, binge drinking, seclusion, experiencing withdrawal symptoms in the absence of alcohol, avoiding social activities like birthday parties where people are gathered. Further, failing to meet obligations, dismissing emotional connections to family and friends, seeking company from other alcoholics, dependency on alcohol throughout the day, increased alcohol tolerance are also part of the symptoms of alcoholism. The nurses in the community play a big role in recovery of a patient (Ramamoorthi, 2015). Nurses that handle drug and substance abuse like alcohol are referred to as general practice nurses or practice nurses. They deal with detection and management of patients with alcohol misuse. On primary basis, the nurse provides and learns more information on alcohol and their effects on medication like antidepressants and anti-psychotic medicatio ns in order to protect the patients suffering from mental health issues. However whats more alarming is the fact that the risks involved with alcohol use are far much more harming than the advantages it may offer (Edenberg Foroud, 2013). They include: Alcohol dependency: its harder to stop drinking once a person begins drinking. Its harder for one to accomplish tasks let alone on time when under influence of alcohol at work, school or at home. It takes medication and more so interventions for alcoholic to recover. One is in danger of always be in dangerous places or being a danger to other people. More to that, alcoholics tend to face legal matters constantly due to violating laws like driving under influence, fights with fellow citizens, vandalism amongst many others. They also tend to have relationship wrangles with spouses, family, children, friends and colleagues (Inder et al., 2012). The Local Government area Parramatta is a suburb which is about 20 km away from Sydney and according to the census of 2011, there were 19,745 people in the area having majority of males (52%) over females (48%). The average age of people of Parramatta is 30 years and within this 65.3% people are over the age of 15 (Parramatta localstats, 2018). These people are fulltime employees and works as labor force in organizations. However, it should be mentioned that the rate of unemployment in Parramatta is 9% and more than 60% homes in the LGA are rented. Therefore, from this demographical characteristics, it can be clearly observed that the rate of less educated or illiterate people are higher in this LGA as that made them work as laborer in organizations. Further, there are other factors in this LGA that increases the stress level of people living in this area such as rented house, less availability to proper professional scope, educational barriers and social discrimination that force pe ople to choose drug or alcoholic addition to overcome these concerns (Parramatta localstats, 2018). Further, while describing the role of these social concerns in increasing the rate of alcoholism in the younger generation is higher than any other issues. Social system affects social inclusion and increases depression and other psychological problems. Many researchers identified psychological disorder as the prime reason for alcoholism in younger generation. According to Tam, Zwar Markham (2013), alcohol affects the central nervous system and provides a sense of calm and happiness. However daily consumption of it increases the agitation level and leads to palpitation. Further researchers also thinks that alcoholism traits can be genetic and behavior also plays an important role to manifest it within the personality of the person (Inder et al., 2012). The data below represents statistical data collected by the Local Government Areas (LGAs) and Local Health Districts (LHDs) in Parramatta, Australia. Alcohol Abuse in: Daily Drinkers Occasional Drinkers Adults 7.5% of over 16 years 18% of over 16 years 14.8% for over 65 years 25.9 % for over 65 years School Students 58.8% between 12-17 years in Western Sydney and Nepan Blue mountains 10.4% between 12-17 years 23.3 % for NSW 14.0% for NSW Alcohol affects not only the physical, but also emotional and psychological state of a person. Parramatta has recorded that pregnant women who engage in drinking alcohol results to the children contracting fetal alcohol syndrome.it also results to other physical syndromes that led to mental health problems like alcohol psychosis, alcohol dependence syndrome and alcohol related dementia (Srensen et al., 2012). There are many cases that have been reported in hospitals and other private agencies. Records from the national survey of metal health show that 6.5% Australians suffer from 6.5% in a year and 9.4% males and 3.7% female. Long term heavy drinking can lead to depression and anxiety. Schizophrenia has been largely linked to alcoholism in past studies. The studies have shown person with schizophrenia to being aggressive once under influence of alcohol (Hernandez, Leontini Harley, 2013). Alcohol also increases the effect of sedatives such as antidepressants like amitriptyline which impairs metal skills and can cause drivers to cause accidents. Similarly, thiamin deficiency found in most drinkers can lead to Wernicke Korsakov syndrome which can cause brain hemorrhages. Other conditions related to thiamine deficiency include Korsakov alcoholic psychosis and alcoholic cardiomyopathy (Edenberg Foroud, 2013). The ABS recorded over 40% sexual violence to women by men under alcohol influence in the past 20 years above the age of 15 years. The youth have also been recorded to cause over 6% of social destruction mostly in pubs and clubs. The age group most prevalent in crimes is between 14 and 24 years. More to hat, according to the National Drug National Household Survey (NDNHS), there were over 49% reports by people living in a community with alcoholics (Inder et al., 2012). Families with alcoholics have been known to report cases of violence and conflicts with a 16% record of child abuse. Physical abuse to the women in the house has been reported at 43.8% with most of the abuse happening in clubs (47.3%) and (20%) being the resultative fear for those at home (Hernandez, Leontini Harley, 2013). From the data alone, its clear that a high percentage of young underage persons are abusing alcohol both daily and occasionally. More to that, there number of people over drinking during occasions for the adults is quite high especially for the elderly. According to Parramatta LGAs and LHDs, 23.9 deaths and 13640 hospitalization cases reported in hospitals and to the local government are due to alcohol influence or effects. In west Sydney alone, there were 680.4 deaths per 100,000 population attributed to alcohol between 2014-2015 compared to 67106 for NSW. In 2015, KFC applied for a liquor license after it opened a store on Church Street in Parramatta in a bid to join the countless fast food chains like Mad Mex. Guzman y Gomez, Grilld and Nandos who were selling fast-food and alcohol as a form of beverage. The health advocate however sought to have the licenses cancelled on basis of whether the local or broader communitys wellbeing would be affected. Though many people were against it as KFC was regarded to as a family fast food joint. Associating the brand with alcohol would influence the kids to the harmful drink as Professor Daube alluded. He said that most of the local advertisements have brainwashed the kids to pressure to drink alcohol and if a big brand like KFC ran adverts on alcoholic drinks, the kids would surely follow up to buy it (ABC News, 2015). While discussing the role of nursing professionals in managing the alcoholism related health issue in Parramatta, there are several intervention that the healthcare professionals can implement. These interventions are of primary, secondary or tertiary intervention that helps to determine the effectiveness of the health promotional campaign (Taggart et al., 2012). They should primarily organize health promotion camp so that providing assistance to patients suffering from alcohol use disorder and taking care of elderly people who have high prevalence for alcohol becomes easier. Further through this they help recovering alcoholics to get back into the normal routines and live better lifestyles than drinking through analysis if the life they had with the life they would desire to have. To alcohol positive patients they can administer medication like chlormethiazole to deal with withdrawal and multivitamins to improve the bodys immunity (Chan perry, 2012). Further on secondary interventi on they will be studying the alcohol cases reported in the hospital and will recommend policies changes to the health institute and government agencies as well(Taggart et al., 2012). Using guidelines from the EPHPP (Effective public Health Practice Project) as quality assessments tools and guidelines from National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), they are able to recommend the best intervention methods for people using alcohol. On the tertiary basis, they will raise awareness on social and legal implications of excessive alcohol consumption to both individuals and other people in the community as well to show the avenues for effecting changes that show negative implications on health and well-being of individuals (Chan Perry, 2012). While concluding, it can be said that alcoholism is greatly rooted in Parramatta city in Australia and to remove this addiction from the personality of the young generation of Parramatta, harsh and effective steps need to be taken. Though the state of over use of alcohol is quite alarming and disturbing its comforting that the local government in partnership with other institutions from health to private organizations, have taken great strides to reduce and also manage alcohol use among the residents of Parramatta. This is a step creates awareness of alcoholism in the state, the heavily affected northern territory and the rest of Australia as well. Alcoholism is a condition that can be overcome. References Chan, C. W., Perry, L. (2012). Lifestyle health promotion interventions for the nursing workforce: a systematic review.Journal of clinical nursing,21(15?16), 2247-2261. Edenberg, H. J., Foroud, T. (2013). Genetics and alcoholism.Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology,10(8), 487. Gleeson, D., Friel, S. (2013). Emerging threats to public health from regional trade agreements.The Lancet,381(9876), 1507-1509. Hernandez, L., Leontini, R., Harley, K. (2013). Alcohol, university students, and harm-minimization campaigns:A fine line between a good night out and a nightmare.Contemporary Drug Problems,40(2), 157-189. Inder, K. J., Handley, T. E., Fitzgerald, M., Lewin, T. J., Coleman, C., Perkins, D., Kelly, B. J. (2012). Individual and district-level predictors of alcohol use: cross sectional findings from a rural mental health survey in Australia.BMC public health,12(1), 586. Laslett, A. M., Ferris, J., Dietze, P., Room, R. (2012). Social demography of alcohol?related harm to children in Australia.Addiction,107(6), 1082-1089. Livingston, M. (2014). Trends in non?drinking among Australian adolescents.Addiction,109(6), 922-929. Morgan, V. A., Waterreus, A., Jablensky, A., Mackinnon, A., McGrath, J. J., Carr, V., ... Galletly, C. (2012). People living with psychotic illness in 2010: the second Australian national survey of psychosis.Australian New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,46(8), 735-752. Parramatta localstats. (2018).Parramatta Demographics (NSW) Local Stats.Parramatta.localstats.com.au. Retrieved 11 April 2018, from https://parramatta.localstats.com.au/demographics/nsw/sydney/parramatta/parramatta Ramamoorthi, R. J. (2015). Epidemiology, etiology, and motivation of alcohol misuse among Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders of the Northern Territory: a descriptive review. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 14(1), 1-11. Srensen, K., Van den Broucke, S., Fullam, J., Doyle, G., Pelikan, J., Slonska, Z., Brand, H. (2012). Health literacy and public health: a systematic review and integration of definitions and models.BMC public health,12(1), 80. Taggart, J., Williams, A., Dennis, S., Newall, A., Shortus, T., Zwar, N., ... Harris, M. F. (2012). A systematic review of interventions in primary care to improve health literacy for chronic disease behavioral risk factors.BMC family practice,13(1), 49. Tam, C. W. M., Zwar, N., Markham, R. (2013). Australian general practitioner perceptions of the detection and screening of at-risk drinking, and the role of the AUDIT-C: a qualitative study.BMC family practice,14(1), 121